荒漠植物白刺对模拟增雨的光合响应机制

【目的】研究不同增雨条件下白刺叶片的光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性,从光合生理角度探讨白刺对增雨的响应机制。【方法】以乌兰布和沙漠东缘地区典型荒漠植物白刺为研究对象,设置不同的增雨梯度(增加年均降水量的0,25%,50%,75%和100%),对自然生长的白刺沙包进行人工模拟增雨,利用 Li－6400xt便携式光合测定系统分析仪(USA,LI-COR)测定不同增雨条件下白刺叶片净光合速率(Pn)日动态变化、光响应曲线、CO2响应曲线以及叶绿素荧光参数,并根据 Pn 日变化曲线和响应曲线计算叶片日光合总量(∑Pn )以及各光合生理参数。【结果】1)75%和100%增雨对日均 Pn 和∑Pn 影响显著,日均 Pn 比 CK分别高32.74%和37.64%,∑Pn 比 CK 分别高32.01%和38.43%,说明增雨使白刺光合能力增强,日光合产物的积累增加。2)增雨使白刺表观量子效率( AQY)和光饱和点( LSP)升高,25%,50%,75%和100%增雨的 AQY 比 CK 分别高17.24%,31.03%,37.93%和24.14%,LSP比 CK分别高14.6%,6.0%,3.0%,26.1%,说明白刺叶片利用弱光的能力增强,对强光的利用范围增加,光能转化效率提高,有利于光合作用的高效进行。3)随着增雨量的增加,羧化效率(CE)呈现出逐渐增加的趋势,其中,100%增雨的 CE比 CK高5.73%;增雨使 CO2饱和点( CSP)升高,50%,75%和100%增雨的 CSP 显著高于 CK,分别比 CK高23.67%,28.35%和29.13%,说明白刺叶片 RuBP羧化酶和光合碳循环酶的活性增强,对高CO2浓度的利用范围增加。4)增雨使白刺叶片的原初光化学量子效率( Fv/Fm )、实际光化学量子效率(ФPSⅡ)、电子传递速率( ETR)和光化学猝灭系数( qP )提高,说明增雨有利于白刺叶片PSⅡ反应中心活性增强、开放比例提高,有利于叶片把所捕获的光能转化为生物化学能,并将更多的光能用于推动光合电子传递。【结论】白刺能够调节光合机构的功能、改变自身生理特性、增强对环境资源的利用能力来适应增雨的变化。     

近55年来河西地区干旱时空演变特征及其与ENSO事件的关系

根据河西地区14个气象站点1961-2015年的逐月气象观测资料，基于SPEI指数采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法、反距离加权插值(IDW)等方法分析了近55年来河西地区年代际、四季干旱及空间变化特征，并探讨了ENSO 事件与该区干旱的关系。结果表明：在年代际变化上，自20世纪90年代以来河西地区干旱次数增多、干旱程度加重。季节时间变化上，河西地区春、夏、秋季均呈干旱化趋势，春季干旱化趋势最为突出，夏季次之，冬季略呈变湿趋势。空间变化上，整个河西地区春季均呈干旱化趋势，而且大部分地区的春旱趋势极为显著，其中春旱趋势最显著的地方是金塔；冬季整个研究区趋于湿润化。各季节干旱高频区分别集中在：春季在金塔、民勤地区，夏季在河西西北部，秋季在河西中东部及西部的安西—玉门一线，冬季在101°E以西的河西地区。河西地区秋季SPEI与SSTA指数的相关性最为显著，春季次之，夏季最弱。ENSO事件发生强度与河西地区SPEI影响因子的多项式拟合关系表明，ENSO事件强度对温度的影响高于降水；其中在ENSO暖事件(厄尔尼诺事件)发生年份，气温有明显的上升趋势；在ENSO冷事件(拉尼娜事件)发生年份，少数年份降水有所增加，对气温的影响较弱。     

Improving cereal yield forecasts in Europe – The impact of weather extremes

The impact of extreme events (such as prolonged droughts, heat waves, cold shocks and frost) is poorly represented by most of the existing yield forecasting systems. Two new model-based approaches that account for the impact of extreme weather events on crop production are presented as a way to improve yield forecasts, both based on the Crop Growth Monitoring System (CGMS) of the European Commission. A first approach includes simple relations – consistent with the degree of complexity of the most generic crop simulators – to explicitly model the impact of these events on leaf development and yield formation. A second approach is a hybrid system which adds selected agro-climatic indicators (accounting for drought and cold/heat stress) to the previous one. The new proposed methods, together with the CGMS-standard approach and a system exclusively based on selected agro-climatic indicators, were evaluated in a comparative fashion for their forecasting reliability. The four systems were assessed for the main micro- and macro-thermal cereal crops grown in highly productive European countries. The workflow included the statistical post-processing of model outputs aggregated at national level with historical series (1995–2013) of official yields, followed by a cross-validation for forecasting events triggered at flowering, maturity and at an intermediate stage. With the system based on agro-climatic indicators, satisfactory performances were limited to microthermal crops grown in Mediterranean environments (i.e. crop production systems mainly driven by rainfall distribution). Compared to CGMS-standard system, the newly proposed approaches increased the forecasting reliability in 94% of the combinations crop × country × forecasting moment. In particular, the explicit simulation of the impact of extreme events explained a large part of the inter-annual variability (up to +44% for spring barley in Poland), while the addition of agro-climatic indicators to the workflow mostly added accuracy to an already satisfactory forecasting system.     

重庆市涪陵区近10年酸雨变化特征分析

为了解重庆市涪陵区的酸雨变化特征及降水对酸雨pH值的影响，本研究采用2005—2014年涪陵区的酸雨和降水数据，应用统计学方法分析降水与酸雨pH值月、季、年变化的相关性。结果表明：涪陵区酸性降水频率为42.13%，以弱酸性降水为主，自2011年起几乎无强酸性降水发生；酸雨pH值秋季最小、冬季最大，6月最小，7月最大。降水总量、有效降水日数和大量级降水占比都会影响酸雨的月、季、年变化，并不能单独由一个指标来说明酸雨的变化规律；其中，大量级降水占比对酸雨pH值影响最大。上述结果表明，了解降水与酸雨pH值的变化规律为有效防治酸雨和减少酸雨的危害提供了一定的依据。     

Impact analysis of climate data aggregation at different spatial scales on simulated net primary productivity for croplands

For spatial crop and agro-systems modelling, there is often a discrepancy between the scale of measured driving data and the target resolution. Spatial data aggregation is often necessary, which can introduce additional uncertainty into the simulation results. Previous studies have shown that climate data aggregation has little effect on simulation of phenological stages, but effects on net primary production (NPP) might still be expected through changing the length of the growing season and the period of grain filling. This study investigates the impact of spatial climate data aggregation on NPP simulation results, applying eleven different models for the same study region (∼34,000 km²), situated in Western Germany. To isolate effects of climate, soil data and management were assumed to be constant over the entire study area and over the entire study period of 29 years. Two crops, winter wheat and silage maize, were tested as monocultures. Compared to the impact of climate data aggregation on yield, the effect on NPP is in a similar range, but is slightly lower, with only small impacts on averages over the entire simulation period and study region. Maximum differences between the five scales in the range of 1–100 km grid cells show changes of 0.4–7.8% and 0.0–4.8% for wheat and maize, respectively, whereas the simulated potential NPP averages of the models show a wide range (1.9–4.2 g C m⁻² d⁻¹ and 2.7–6.1 g C m⁻² d⁻¹ for wheat and maize, respectively). The impact of the spatial aggregation was also tested for shorter time periods, to see if impacts over shorter periods attenuate over longer periods. The results show larger impacts for single years (up to 9.4% for wheat and up to 13.6% for maize). An analysis of extreme weather conditions shows an aggregation effect in vulnerability up to 12.8% and 15.5% between the different resolutions for wheat and maize, respectively. Simulations of NPP averages over larger areas (e.g. regional scale) and longer time periods (several years) are relatively insensitive to climate data aggregation. However, the scale of climate data is more relevant for impacts on annual averages of NPP or if the period is strongly affected or dominated by drought stress. There should be an awareness of the greater uncertainty for the NPP values in these situations if data are not available at high resolution. On the other hand, the results suggest that there is no need to simulate at high resolution for long term regional NPP averages based on the simplified assumptions (soil and management constant in time and space) used in this study.     

暗期间断在植物生长发育中的应用研究(英文)

暗期间断属于光周期调控技术,被广泛应用于植物的生长发育研究。通过对暗期间断的类型、应用和机理三个方面研究成果进行了综述,其中在暗期间断类型部分总结了光质、间断暗期的次数和间隔时间方面的研究;在暗期间断应用部分总结了在植物形态发生、生理和生物化学方面的相关研究。在此基础上,提出了暗期间断在分子生物学研究及森林资源保护中的应用前景。     

基于鸡西市第一中学新校区规划建设的思考

在鸡西市第一中学建设新校区的规划设计中,通过对总体布局、交通组织、场区竖向、运动场地及校园绿化等方面做详细的设计思考后再进行规划设计,使其设计效果和使用功能都达到了国家级示范高中的标准,推动了教育改革向更深层次发展。     

应用Excel软件分析敌敌畏农药对两广二号家蚕的安全间隔期

应用Excel软件中的曲线方程分析判断敌敌畏农药对两广二号家蚕的安全间隔期。结果表明：敌敌畏1000倍液的安全间隔期是6d多，其数学模型为幂函数曲线方：y=88．0653x-1834本方法克服以往家蚕的农药安全期无数学模型可循或使用的BASIC方法陈旧繁杂的缺点，也避免英文统计软件SPSS难以在农村普及的不足，是一种计...     

镉和模拟酸雨胁迫对苦楝幼苗镉含量及叶片抗氧化系统的影响

为探讨苦楝在重金属Cd和酸雨的单一及复合胁迫下的生理响应特征,采用人工配置土壤盆栽试验,研究不同浓度Cd(0、30、60、90、120、150、180 mg·kg^-1)和3个梯度模拟酸雨(pH值5.6、4.5、3.5)单一及复合处理对苦楝幼苗生物量、Cd含量及叶片保护性酶[超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)]活性和抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环(AsA-GSH)的影响。结果表明,除低浓度Cd(≤30 mg·kg^-1)单一及其与pH值4.5酸雨复合处理对幼苗地上部、地下部生物量有促进作用外,其他处理均表现出抑制作用,其中复合处理对苦楝幼苗的抑制作用更明显,表现为叠加效应;单一Cd处理时,随着Cd浓度的增加,幼苗根、茎、叶中Cd含量逐渐升高,且根系大于茎叶,复合处理抑制了植物对Cd的积累,对叶片的抑制作用最强;Cd和酸雨单一及复合处理下叶片SOD、CAT和POD活性均有所增加,分别在60 mg·kg^-1 Cd、pH值5.6,60 mg·kg^-1 Cd、pH值4.5和90 mg·kg^-1Cd、pH值4.5时出现阈值;在AsA-GSH循环中,单一Cd处理下,AsA、GSH含量和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性均随着Cd浓度的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,单一酸雨处理对上述4个指标的影响不尽一致,而复合处理下上述指标在Cd浓度≤60 mg·kg^-1、pH值≥4.5时均能保持较高值,且随着胁迫程度的加深均出现了阈值。综上所述,苦楝对重金属Cd和酸雨胁迫具有一定的耐性,可在Cd浓度≤60 mg·kg^-1和pH值≥4.5的酸雨双重污染区域正常生长。本研究结果为土壤Cd污染的酸雨区域的修复植物筛选提供了理论基础和参考依据。